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In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 the Department of Homeland Security U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is updating an existing system of records titled, Department of Homeland Security/ U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement–011 Removable Alien Records System of Records, January 28, 2009, and renaming it Department of Homeland Security/U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement–011 Immigration and Enforcement Operational Records System of Records. With the publication of this updated system of records, the Department of Homeland Security is also retiring an existing system of records titled, Department of Homeland Security/U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement–Customs and Border Protection–U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services–001-03 Enforcement Operational Immigration Records System of Records, March 20, 2006, and transferring certain law enforcement and immigration records described therein that are owned by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to this updated system of records. Categories of individuals and categories of records have been reviewed, and the purpose statement and routine uses of this system have been updated to better reflect the current status of these records. Additionally, this notice includes non-substantive changes to simplify the formatting and text of the previously published notice. This updated system will continue to be included in the Department of Homeland Security’s inventory of record systems.
Submit comments on or before March 31, 2010. This amended system will be effective March 31, 2010.
You may submit comments, identified by docket number DHS-2009-0144 by one of the following methods:
•Federal e-Rulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
•Fax:703-483-2999.
•Mail: Mary Ellen Callahan, Chief Privacy Officer, Privacy Office, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC 20528.
•Instructions: All submissions received must include the agency name and docket number for this rulemaking. All comments received will be posted without change to http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information provided.
•Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or comments received go to http://www.regulations.gov.
In accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974, the Department of Homeland Security is updating and reissuing Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)—011 Removable Alien Records System of Records (74 FR 4965, Jan. 28, 2009) to include additional DHS records pertaining to the investigation, arrest, booking, detention, and removal of persons encountered during immigration and criminal law enforcement investigations and operations conducted by DHS. This system of records is also being updated to include records pertaining to fugitive aliens and aliens paroled into the United States (U.S.) by ICE. The system of records is being renamed DHS/ICE-011 Immigration and Enforcement Operational Records System of Records (ENFORCE) to better reflect the nature and scope of the records maintained.
DHS is updating this notice to include the following substantive changes: (1) An update to the categories of records to include clarifying language as well as to provide the Department of Justice (DOJ) with DNA samples as required by 28 CFR Part 28; (2) the addition of routine uses to (a) incorporate the routine uses that were already part of the published DHS/ICE—011 Removable Aliens Records System of Records (RARS) (74 FR 20719, May 5, 2009) into this newly consolidated SORN, (b) provide information to individuals in the determination of whether or not an alien has been removed from the U.S., (c) assist agencies in collecting debts owed to them or the U.S. Government, (d) allow sharing with the Department of State (DOS) for immigration benefits and visa activities, as well as when DOS is contacted by foreign governments to discuss particular matters involving aliens in custody or other ICE enforcement matters that may involve identified individuals, (e) allow the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to review the private immigration relief bill process in Congress, (f) inform members of Congress about an alien who is being considered for private immigration relief, (g) share operational information with other law enforcement agencies to prevent conflicting investigations or activities, (h) coordinate the transportation, custody, and care of U.S. Marshals Service (USMS) prisoners, (i) allow third parties to facilitate the placement or release of an alien who has been or are in the process of being released from ICE custody, (j) provide information about an alien who has or is in the process of being released from ICE custody who may pose a health or safety risk, (k) to provide information facilitating the issuance of an immigration detainer on an individual in custody or the transfer of an individual to ICE or another agency, (l) disclose DNA samples and related information as required by Federal regulation, (m) to facilitate the transmission of arrest information to the Department of Justice for inclusion in relevant law enforcement databases and for the enforcement Federal firearms licensing laws, and (n) to disclose information to persons seeking to post or arrange immigration bonds. These updated routine uses are compatible with the purpose of this system becausethey sharing will assist ICE with its immigration and law enforcement mission.
With the publication of this notice, DHS is also merging into the DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records certain records from an existing system of records titled, DHS/ICE-CBP-CIS-001-03 Enforcement Operational Immigration Records System of Records (71 FR 13987, March 20, 2006), and retiring that system of records. When last published, DHS/ICE-CBP-CIS-001-03 Enforcement Operational Immigration Records System of Records covered biometric and biographic information collected during DHS enforcement encounters and screening at ports of entry. The system of records supported DHS in the identification, investigation, apprehension, and/or removal of aliens unlawfully entering or present in the U.S. and facilitated the legal entry of individuals. The records described in DHS/ICE-CBP-CIS-001-03 Enforcement Operational Immigration Records System of Records were owned by several components within DHS, specifically ICE, CBP, and USCIS. After stewardship for the DHS biometric records database titled, Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT), which had been covered by DHS/ICE-CBP-CIS-001-03 Enforcement Operational Immigration Records System of Records, was transferred in 2006 to DHS’s U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indictor Technology (US-VISIT) Program, US-VISIT established a separate system of records titled, DHS/US-VISIT-0012 Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) (72 FR 31080, June 5, 2007) to cover records in that database. The remaining non-IDENT records in DHS/ICE-CBP-CIS-001-03 Enforcement Operational Immigration Records System of Records pertained to enforcement encounters and admission screening of individuals at the border, and were owned by ICE and CBP. Of those, CBP records are now covered by the system of records titled, DHS/CBP-011 TECS System of Records (73 FR 77778, December 19, 2008), and ICE’s records are now covered by the DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records, which is the subject of this notice.
The DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records consists of paper and electronic records related to the investigation, arrest, booking, detention, and removal of persons encountered during immigration and criminal law enforcement investigations and operations conducted by DHS, including fugitive aliens and paroled aliens.
The DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records contains personal information about individuals who are criminal suspects, alleged immigration violators, and other individuals whose information may be collected or obtained during the course of an immigration enforcement or criminal matter (e.g., witnesses, associates, relatives). This system of records will also contain biographical information of those prisoners that ICE holds in its detention facilities for the USMS under an interagency agreement. These records are maintained in an ICE-owned and operated information technology system known as the Enforcement Integrated Database (EID). Associated paper records are also maintained. EID captures and maintains information related to the investigation, arrest, booking, detention, and removal of persons encountered during immigration and law enforcement investigations and operations conducted by ICE. While CBP law enforcement personnel can also create and access EID information, CBP records in EID are covered by the DHS/CBP TECS System of Records.
The EID supports a variety of DHS law enforcement processes and workflows, especially those related to the enforcement of immigration laws. As an alleged immigration violator (i.e., subject) moves through the enforcement process (e.g., arrest, booking, detention, or removal), DHS personnel create, modify, and access the data stored in the EID’s central data repository. In addition to supporting the immigration enforcement process, EID also supports DHS’s arrest and booking of subjects for violations of U.S. customs laws and other Federal criminal laws. This updated system of records notice is being published concurrently with the Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) for ICE’s EID because information maintained in EID is described in this notice. The EID PIA is available on the DHS Privacy Office Web site at <http://www.dhs.gov/privacy.
The DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records also contains records pertaining to ICE’s efforts to identify, locate, apprehend and remove fugitive aliens from the United States. Fugitive aliens are aliens ordered and/or removed from the United States by a U.S. Immigration Judge, but who failed to appear as ordered for removal. ICE maintains records on aliens who are fugitives and collects information from other government systems and commercial data sources to identify leads that may reveal the fugitive’s current location. ICE records are updated when fugitive aliens are apprehended and removed by ICE. ICE’s Fugitive Case Management System (FCMS) is the information system in which these records are maintained, and associated paper records are also maintained. A PIA for FCMS is available on the DHS Privacy Office Web site at <http://www.dhs.gov/privacy.
Finally, the DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records also contains records pertaining to aliens who are paroled into the United States by ICE. ICE maintains records on the individual aliens who are paroled into the United States in order to track and manage parolees and ensure they comply with the terms of parole. ICE’s Parole Case Tracking System (PCTS) is the information system in which these records are maintained, and associated paper records are also maintained. A PIA for PCTS is in progress and expected to be published in 2010.
Consistent with DHS’s information sharing mission, information stored in the DHS/ICE-011 ENFORCE System of Records may be shared with other DHS components, as well as appropriate Federal, State, local, Tribal, foreign, or international government agencies. This sharing will only take place after DHS determines that the receiving component or agency has a need to know the information to carry out national security, law enforcement, immigration, intelligence, or other functions consistent with the routine uses set forth in this system of records notice.
Portions of the DHS/ALL-011 ENFORCE System of Records are exempt from one or more provisions of the Privacy Act because of criminal, civil and administrative enforcement requirements. Individuals may request information about records pertaining to them stored in the DHS/ALL-011 ENFORCE System of Records as outlined in the “Notification Procedure” section below. ICE reserves the right to exempt various records from release. The Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted portions of this system of records from subsections (c)(3) and (4); (d); (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), (e)(5), and (e)(8); and (g) of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. § 552a(j)(2). In addition, the Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted portions of this system of records fromsubsections (c)(3); (d); (e)(1), (e)(4)(G), and (e)(4)(H) of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(k)(2). These exemptions apply only to the extent that records in the system are subject to exemption pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2) and (k)(2).
The Privacy Act embodies fair information principles in a statutory framework governing the means by which the U.S. Government collects, maintains, uses, and disseminates individuals’ records. The Privacy Act applies to information that is maintained in a “system of records.” A “system of records” is a group of any records under the control of an agency for which information is retrieved by the name of an individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual. In the Privacy Act, an individual is defined to encompass U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents. As a matter of policy, DHS extends administrative Privacy Act protections to all individuals where systems of records maintain information on U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, and visitors. Individuals may request access to their own records that are maintained in a system of records in the possession or under the control of DHS by complying with DHS Privacy Act regulations, 6 CFR Part 5.
The Privacy Act requires each agency to publish in the Federal Register a description denoting the type and character of each system of records that the agency maintains, and the routine uses that are contained in each system in order to make agency recordkeeping practices transparent, to notify individuals regarding the uses to which their records are put, and to assist individuals to more easily find such files within the agency. Below is the description of the DHS/ICE-011 Immigration and Enforcement Operational Records (ENFORCE) System of Records.
In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552a(r), DHS has provided a report of this system of records to the Office of Management and Budget and to Congress.
DHS/ICE-011
Immigration and Enforcement Operational Records (ENFORCE).
Unclassified; Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).
Records are maintained at the U.S. Immigration Customs and Enforcement (ICE) Headquarters in Washington, DC, ICE field and attaché offices, and detention facilities operated by or on behalf of ICE, or that otherwise house individuals detained by ICE.
Categories of individuals covered by this system include:
1. Individuals arrested, detained, and/or removed for criminal and/or administrative violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act, or individuals who are the subject of an ICE immigration detainer issued to another custodial agency;
2. Individuals arrested by ICE law enforcement personnel for violations of Federal criminal laws enforced by ICE or DHS;
3. Individuals who fail to leave the United States after receiving a final order of removal, deportation, or exclusion, or who fail to report to ICE for removal after receiving notice to do so (fugitive aliens);
4. Individuals who are granted parole into the United States under section 212(d)(5) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (parolees);
5. Other individuals whose information may be collected or obtained during the course of an immigration enforcement or criminal matter, such as witnesses, associates, and relatives;
6. Attorneys or representatives who represent individuals listed in categories (a)-(d) above;
7. Persons who post or arrange bond for the release of an individual from ICE detention, or receive custodial property of a detained alien;
8. Personnel of other agencies who assisted or participated in the arrest or investigation of an alien, or who are maintaining custody of an alien; and
9. Prisoners of the U.S. Marshals Service held in ICE detention facilities.
Categories of records in this system include:
1. Biographic, descriptive, historical and other identifying data, including but not limited to: Names; aliases; fingerprint identification number (FIN); date and place of birth; passport and other travel document information; nationality; aliases; Alien Registration Number (A-Number); Social Security Number; contact or location information (e.g., known or possible addresses, phone numbers); visa information; employment, educational, immigration, and criminal history; height, weight, eye color, hair color and other unique physical characteristics (e.g., scars and tattoos).
2. Biometric data: Fingerprints and photographs. DNA samples required by DOJ regulation (see 28 CFR Part 28) to be collected and sent to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). DNA samples are not retained or analyzed by DHS.
3. Information pertaining to ICE’s collection of DNA samples, limited to the date and time of a successful collection and confirmation from the FBI that the sample was able to be sequenced. ICE does not receive or maintain the results of the FBI’s DNA analysis (i.e., DNA sequences).
4. Case-related data, including: Case number, record number, and other data describing an event involving alleged violations of criminal or immigration law (location, date, time, event category, types of criminal or immigration law violations alleged, types of property involved, use of violence, weapons, or assault against DHS personnel or third parties, attempted escape and other related information; event categories describe broad categories of criminal law enforcement, such as immigration worksite enforcement, contraband smuggling, and human trafficking). ICE case management information, including: Case category, case agent, date initiated, and date completed.
5. Birth, marriage, education, employment, travel, and other information derived from affidavits, certificates, manifests, and other documents presented to or collected by ICE during immigration and law enforcement proceedings or activities. This data typically pertains to subjects, relatives, and witnesses.
6. Detention data on aliens, including immigration detainers issued; transportation information; detention-related identification numbers; custodial property; information about an alien’s release from custody on bond, recognizance, or supervision; detention facility; security classification; book-in/book-out date and time; mandatory detention and criminal flags; aggravated felon status; and other alerts.
7. Detention data for U.S. Marshals Service prisoners, including: prisoner’s name, date of birth, country of birth, detainee identification number, FBI identification number, State identification number, book-in date, book-out date, and security classification;
8. Limited health information relevant to an individual’s placement in an ICE detention facility or transportation requirements (e.g., general informationon physical disabilities or other special needs to ensure that an individual is placed in a facility or bed that can accommodate their requirements). Medical records about individuals in ICE custody (i.e., records relating to the diagnosis or treatment of individuals) are maintained in DHS/ICE—013 Alien Medical Records System of Records;
9. Progress, status and final result of removal, prosecution, and other DHS processes and relating appeals, including: information relating to criminal convictions, incarceration, travel documents and other information pertaining to the actual removal of aliens from the United States.
10. Contact, biographical and identifying data of relatives, attorneys or representatives, associates or witnesses of an alien in proceedings initiated and/or conducted by DHS including, but not limited to: name, date of birth, place of birth, telephone number, and business or agency name.
11. Data concerning personnel of other agencies that arrested, or assisted or participated in the arrest or investigation of, or are maintaining custody of an individual whose arrest record is contained in this system of records. This can include: name, title, agency name, address, telephone number and other information.
12. Data about persons who post or arrange an immigration bond for the release of an individual from ICE custody, or receive custodial property of an individual in ICE custody. This data may include: name, address, telephone number, Social Security Number and other information.
8 U.S.C. 1103, 1225, 1226, 1324, 1357, 1360, and 1365(a)(b); Justice for All Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-405); DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005 (Pub. L. 109-162); Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 (Pub. L. 109-248); and 28 CFR Part 28, “DNA-Sample Collection and Biological Evidence Preservation in the Federal Jurisdiction.”
The purposes of this system are:
1. To support the identification, apprehension, and removal of individuals unlawfully entering or present in the United States in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act, including fugitive aliens.
2. To support the identification and arrest of individuals (both citizens and non-citizens) who commit violations of Federal criminal laws enforced by DHS.
3. To track the process and results of administrative and criminal proceedings against individuals who are alleged to have violated the Immigration and Nationality Act or other laws enforced by DHS.
4. To support the grant, denial, and tracking of individuals who seek or receive parole into the United States.
5. To provide criminal and immigration history information during DHS enforcement encounters, and background checks on applicants for DHS immigration benefits (e.g., employment authorization and petitions).
6. To identify potential criminal activity, immigration violations, and threats to homeland security; to uphold and enforce the law; and to ensure public safety.
In addition to those disclosures generally permitted under 5 U.S.C. 552a(b) of the Privacy Act, all or a portion of the records or information contained in this system may be disclosed outside DHS as a routine use pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(b)(3) as follows:
A. To the Department of Justice (DOJ) or other Federal agency conducting litigation or in proceedings before any court, adjudicative or administrative body, or to a court, magistrate, administrative tribunal, opposing counsel, parties, and witnesses, in the course of a civil or criminal proceeding before a court or adjudicative body when it is necessary to the litigation and one of the following is a party to the litigation or has an interest in such litigation:
1. DHS or any component thereof;
2. Any employee of DHS in his/her official capacity;
3. Any employee of DHS in his/her individual capacity where DOJ or DHS has agreed to represent the employee; or
4. The U.S. or any agency thereof, is a party to the litigation or has an interest in such litigation, and DHS determines that the records are both relevant and necessary to the litigation and the use of such records is compatible with the purpose for which DHS collected the records.
B. To a congressional office from the record of an individual in response to an inquiry from that congressional office made at the request of the individual to whom the record pertains.
C. To the National Archives and Records Administration or other Federal government agencies pursuant to records management inspections being conducted under the authority of 44 U.S.C. 2904 and 2906.
D. To an agency, organization, or individual for the purpose of performing audit or oversight operations as authorized by law, but only such information as is necessary and relevant to such audit or oversight function.
E. To appropriate agencies, entities, and persons when:
1. DHS suspects or has confirmed that the security or confidentiality of information in the system of records has been compromised;
2. DHS has determined that as a result of the suspected or confirmed compromise there is a risk of harm to economic or property interests, identity theft or fraud, or harm to the security or integrity of this system or other systems or programs (whether maintained by DHS or another agency or entity) or harm to the individual who relies upon the compromised information; and
3. The disclosure made to such agencies, entities, and persons is reasonably necessary to assist in connection with DHS’s efforts to respond to the suspected or confirmed compromise and prevent, minimize, or remedy such harm.
F. To contractors and their agents, grantees, experts, consultants, and others performing or working on a contract, service, grant, cooperative agreement, or other assignment for DHS, when necessary to accomplish an agency function related to this system of records. Individuals provided information under this routine use are subject to the same Privacy Act requirements and limitations on disclosure as are applicable to DHS officers and employees.
G. To an appropriate Federal, State, Tribal, local, international, or foreign law enforcement agency or other appropriate authority charged with investigating or prosecuting a violation or enforcing or implementing a law, rule, regulation, or order, where a record, either on its face or in conjunction with other information, indicates a violation or potential violation of law, which includes criminal, civil, or regulatory violations and such disclosure is proper and consistent with the official duties of the person making the disclosure.
H. To a court, magistrate, or administrative tribunal in the course of presenting evidence, including disclosures to opposing counsel or witnesses in the course of civil discovery, litigation, or settlement negotiations, including to an actual or potential party or his or her attorney, or in connection with criminal law proceedings.
I. To other Federal, State, local, or foreign government agencies,individuals, and organizations during the course of an investigation, proceeding, or activity within the purview of immigration and nationality laws to elicit information required by DHS/ICE to carry out its functions and statutory mandates.
J. To the appropriate foreign government agency charged with enforcing or implementing laws where there is an indication of a violation or potential violation of the law of another nation (whether civil or criminal), and to international organizations engaged in the collection and dissemination of intelligence concerning criminal activity.
K. To other Federal agencies for the purpose of conducting national intelligence and security investigations.
L. To any Federal agency, where appropriate, to enable such agency to make determinations regarding the payment of Federal benefits to the record subject in accordance with that agency’s statutory responsibilities.
M. To foreign governments for the purpose of coordinating and conducting the removal of aliens to other nations; and to international, foreign, and intergovernmental agencies, authorities, and organizations in accordance with law and formal or informal international arrangements.
N. To family members and attorneys or other agents acting on behalf of an alien, to assist those individuals in determining whether: (1) The alien has been arrested by DHS for immigration violations; (2) the location of the alien if in DHS custody; or (3) the alien has been removed from the United States, provided however, that the requesting individuals are able to verify the alien’s date of birth or Alien Registration Number (A-Number), or can otherwise present adequate verification of a familial or agency relationship with the alien.
O. To the DOJ Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) or their contractors, consultants, or others performing or working on a contract for EOIR, for the purpose of providing information about aliens who are or may be placed in removal proceedings so that EOIR may arrange for the provision of educational services to those aliens under EOIR’s Legal Orientation Program.
P. To attorneys or legal representatives for the purpose of facilitating group presentations to aliens in detention that will provide the aliens with information about their rights under U.S. immigration law and procedures.
Q. To a Federal, State, Tribal or local government agency to assist such agencies in collecting the repayment of recovery of loans, benefits, grants, fines, bonds, civil penalties, judgments or other debts owed to them or to the U.S. Government, and/or to obtain information that may assist DHS in collecting debts owed to the U.S. Government.
R. To the State Department in the processing of petitions or applications for immigration benefits and non-immigrant visas under the Immigration and Nationality Act, and all other immigration and nationality laws including treaties and reciprocal agreements; or when the State Department requires information to consider and/or provide an informed response to a request for information from a foreign, international, or intergovernmental agency, authority, or organization about an alien or an enforcement operation with transnational implications.
S. To the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in connection with the review of private relief legislation as set forth in OMB Circular No. A-19 at any stage of the legislative coordination and clearance process as set forth in the Circular.
T. To the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary or the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary when necessary to inform members of Congress about an alien who is being considered for private immigration relief.
U. To a criminal, civil, or regulatory law enforcement authority (whether Federal, State, local, territorial, Tribal, international or foreign) where the information is necessary for collaboration, coordination and de-confliction of investigative matters, to avoid duplicative or disruptive efforts and for the safety of law enforcement officers who may be working on related investigations.
V. To the U.S. Marshals Service concerning Marshals Service prisoners that are or will be held in detention facilities operated by or on behalf of ICE in order to coordinate the transportation, custody, and care of these individuals.
W. To third parties to facilitate placement or release of an alien (e.g., at a group home, homeless shelter, etc.) who has been or is about to be released from ICE custody but only such information that is relevant and necessary to arrange housing or continuing medical care for the alien.
X. To an appropriate domestic government agency or other appropriate authority for the purpose of providing information about an alien who has been or is about to be released from ICE custody who, due to a condition such as mental illness, may pose a health or safety risk to himself/herself or to the community. ICE will only disclose information about the individual that is relevant to the health or safety risk they may pose and/or the means to mitigate that risk (e.g., the alien’s need to remain on certain medication for a serious mental health condition).
Y. To the DOJ Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and other Federal, State, local, territorial, Tribal and foreign law enforcement or custodial agencies for the purpose of placing an immigration detainer on an individual in that agency’s custody, or to facilitate the transfer of custody of an individual from ICE to the other agency. This will include the transfer of information about unaccompanied minor children to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to facilitate the custodial transfer of such children from ICE to HHS.
Z. To DOJ, disclosure of DNA samples and related information as required by 28 CFR Part 28.
AA. To DOJ, disclosure of arrest and removal information for inclusion in relevant DOJ law enforcement databases and for use in the enforcement Federal firearms laws (e.g., Brady Act).
BB. To Federal, State, local, Tribal, territorial, or foreign governmental or quasi-governmental agencies or courts to confirm the location, custodial status, removal or voluntary departure of an alien from the United States, in order to facilitate the recipient agencies’ exercise of responsibilities pertaining to the custody, care, or legal rights (including issuance of a U.S. passport) of the removed individual’s minor children, or the adjudication or collection of child support payments or other debts owed by the removed individual.
CC. Disclosure to victims regarding custodial information, such as release on bond, order of supervision, removal from the United States, or death in custody, about an individual who is the subject of a criminal or immigration investigation, proceeding, or prosecution.
DD. To any person or entity to the extent necessary to prevent immediate loss of life or serious bodily injury, (e.g., disclosure of custodial release information to witnesses who have received threats from individuals in custody.)
EE. To an individual or entity seeking to post or arrange, or who has already posted or arranged, an immigration bond for an alien to aid the individual or entity in (1) identifying the location of the alien, or (2) posting the bond, obtaining payments related to the bond,or conducting other administrative or financial management activities related to the bond.
FF. To appropriate Federal, State, local, Tribal, or foreign governmental agencies or multilateral governmental organizations where DHS is aware of a need to utilize relevant data for purposes of testing new technology and systems designed to enhance national security or identify other violations of law.
GG. To the news media and the public, with the approval of the Chief Privacy Officer in consultation with counsel, when there exists a legitimate public interest in the disclosure of the information or when disclosure is necessary to preserve confidence in the integrity of DHS or is necessary to demonstrate the accountability of DHS’s officers, employees, or individuals covered by the system, except to the extent it is determined that release of the specific information in the context of a particular case would constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.
None.
Information can be stored in case file folders, cabinets, safes, or a variety of electronic or computer databases and storage media.
Records may be retrieved by name, identification numbers including, but not limited to, alien registration number (A-Number), fingerprint identification number, Social Security Number, case or record number if applicable, case related data and/or combination of other personal identifiers including, but not limited to, date of birth and nationality.
Records in this system are safeguarded in accordance with applicable rules and policies, including all applicable DHS automated systems security and access policies. Strict controls have been imposed to minimize the risk of compromising the information that is being stored. Access to the computer system containing the records in this system is limited to those individuals who have a need to know the information for the performance of their official duties and who have appropriate clearances or permissions.
ICE is in the process of drafting a proposed record retention schedule for the information maintained in the Enforcement Integrated Database (EID). ICE anticipates retaining records of arrests, detentions and removals in EID for one-hundred (100) years; records concerning U.S. Marshals Service prisoners for ten (10) years; fingerprints and photographs collected using Mobile IDENT for up to seven (7) days in the cache of an encrypted government laptop; Enforcement Integrated Database Data Mart (EID-DM), ENFORCE Alien Removal Module Data Mart (EARM-DM), and ICE Integrated Decision Support (IIDS) records for seventy-five (75) years; user account management records (UAM) for ten (10) years following an individual’s separation of employment from Federal service; statistical records for ten (10) years; audit files for fifteen (15) years; and backup files for up to one (1) month.
ICE anticipates retaining records from the Fugitive Case Management System (FCMS) for ten (10) years after a fugitive alien has been arrested and removed from the United States; 75 years from the creation of the record for a criminal fugitive alien that has not been arrested and removed; ten (10) years after a fugitive alien reaches 70 years of age, provided the alien has not been arrested and removed and does not have a criminal history in the United States; ten (10) years after a fugitive alien has obtained legal status; ten (10) years after arrest and/or removal from the United States for a non-fugitive alien’s information, whichever is later; audit files for 90 days; backup files for 30 days; and reports for ten (10) years or when no longer needed for administrative, legal, audit, or other operations purposes.
Unit Chief, Law Enforcement Systems/Data Management, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Office of Investigations Law Enforcement Support and Information Management Division, Potomac Center North, 500 12th Street, SW., Washington, DC 20536.
The Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted this system from the notification, access, and amendment procedures of the Privacy Act because it is a law enforcement system. However, ICE will consider individual requests to determine whether or not information may be released. Thus, individuals seeking notification of and access to any record contained in this system of records, or seeking to contest its content, may submit a request in writing to ICE’s FOIA Officer, whose contact information can be found at http://www.dhs.gov/foia under “contacts.”
When seeking records about yourself from this system of records or any other Departmental system of records your request must conform with the Privacy Act regulations set forth in 6 CFR Part 5. You must first verify your identity, meaning that you must provide your full name, current address and date and place of birth. You must sign your request, and your signature must either be notarized or submitted under 28 U.S.C. 1746, a law that permits statements to be made under penalty of perjury as a substitute for notarization. While no specific form is required, you may obtain forms for this purpose from the Chief Privacy Officer and Chief Freedom of Information Act Officer, http://www.dhs.gov or 1-866-431-0486. In addition you should provide the following:
• An explanation of why you believe the Department would have information on you;
• Identify which component(s) of the Department you believe may have the information about you;
• Specify when you believe the records would have been created;
• Provide any other information that will help the FOIA staff determine which DHS component agency may have responsive records; and
• If your request is seeking records pertaining to another living individual, you must include a statement from that individual certifying his/her agreement for you to access his/her records.
Without this bulleted information the component(s) may not be able to conduct an effective search, and your request may be denied due to lack of specificity or lack of compliance with applicable regulations.
See“Notification procedure” above.
See“Notification procedure” above.
Records in the system are supplied by several sources. In general, information is obtained from individuals covered by this system, and other Federal, State, local, Tribal, or foreign governments. More specifically, DHS/ICE-011 records derive from the following sources:
(a) Individuals covered by the system and other individuals (e.g., witnesses, family members);
(b) Other Federal, State, local, Tribal, or foreign governments and government information systems;
(c) Business records;
(d) Evidence, contraband, and other seized material; and
(e) Public and commercial sources.
The Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted portions of this system of records from subsections (c)(3) and (4); (d); (e)(1), (e)(2), (e)(3), (e)(4)(G), (e)(4)(H), (e)(5), and (e)(8); and (g) of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2). In addition, the Secretary of Homeland Security has exempted portions of this system of records from subsections (c)(3); (d); (e)(1), (e)(4)(G), and (e)(4)(H) of the Privacy Act pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(k)(2). These exemptions apply only to the extent that records in the system are subject to exemption pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552a(j)(2) and (k)(2).
In addition, to the extent a record contains information from other exempt systems of records, DHS will rely on the exemptions claimed for those systems.
Dated: February 24, 2010. Mary Ellen Callahan,Chief Privacy Officer, Department of Homeland Security.
Mar 04
Regardless of net worth, it is important for all individuals to have a basic estate plan in place. This can be done with a family attorney or there are many online legal aid sites that can assist you in creating the proper document. Most often the biological children of deceased individuals have inheritance rights, DNA is being used more and more when estates are in question.
In some cases, previously unknown children can appear to claim part of the estate. Or, a greedy or unhappy family members may claim that a beneficiary is not a biological descendant of the deceased person. Depending on the timing of the claim, defending this claim could require exhumation or testing of autopsy specimens, neither of which is a pleasant process and which can be an expensive process.
DNA has emerged as a common tool in modern human identification and has magnificent and unparalleled applications in modern society. The best defense is a strong offense. In many cases proper legal registration of your DNA profile with your estate planner or attorney will help ensure legal and rightful administration of your estate, should the need arise.
The DNA relationship testing market has been growing steadily over the last twenty years. Prices are decreasing and the easy of testing is increasing. Today, it is projected that the annual number of persons that will participate in some type of paternity or extended relationship test will exceed 1 million. In sharp contrast, it is estimated that less than 200,000 persons were tested in 1988. The increased demand for DNA testing has been fueled by greater public awareness of the power of DNA and the affordability and easy access to testing.
According to the National Center for Health Statistics, 2007 was a record year for births in the United States, there were 4,315,000 recorded births. Experts think that the increase has to do with a range of factors, including immigrants having more children, professional women delaying pregnancy until their 40s and a larger population of women in their 20s and 30s. These factors, coupled with the fact that 38.5% of all U.S. births in 2006 were from unwed mothers translates into an increasing need for education of families about the importance of knowing ones biological parents.
About DNA
DNA is the map of life and defines the essence of our individuality. Despite the size of the human genome, over 3.2 billion genetic markers, 99.9% of the DNA in all unrelated people in the world is identical. Thus, the vast differences observed in the human race are created from the minute differences in only 0.1% of DNA. An individual’s DNA can contain valuable information to help the lives of present and future generations. Locked in our DNA code are the secrets of our ancestry and medical conditions that scientists are only now beginning to understand.
PATERNITY
It is natural for families to want to know who the biological father of their baby is. Nationwide, approximately 30% of tested men are excluded as the biological father. That means that 3 out of 10 test comes back as a negative result for paternity. A child has the right to the sense of identity that comes from knowing who both biological parents are. Knowledge of a child’s biological heritage is also very important in understanding future possible health risks. In addition, determining paternity gives a child legal right to receive financial support from the father and to inherit from the father. This is the same if the mother is unknown. In an era when adoption is a popular option it is important to remember that more and more people do not know either biological parent.
RELATIONSHIP TESTING
Relationship DNA testing can determine if a long lost brother or sister, grandparent, aunt or uncle is truly related to the family in question. DNA testing can also reveal if twins are identical or fraternal. Modern DNA testing can provide answers for a new world of relationships. Paternity testing can also be performed indirectly by testing relatives of an alleged father.
FORENSIC PATERNITY
If a person is deceased or unavailable for testing which is often the case in the question of estate settlement, forensic DNA testing can be an invaluable tool. DNA can be found on evidence that is decades old. Common sources of forensic DNA evidence include: fingernail clippings, hair with roots or follicles, chewing gum, used beverage containers, eyeglasses, hats, lickable stamps or envelopes, teeth, post mortem tissue, a toothbrush, or cigarette butt. The results that can be looked for from each item differs and it is best to contact your laboratory to see what items they recommend. For more infomation on DNA testing and how it can asssit you please contact DNA Identifiers. Remeber regardless of you net worth it is important to have an estate plan in place and DNA can be an important part of your plan.
Feb 16
For years, pregnant and nursing women have been warned to limit the amount of fish they eat, because many fish species may contain high levels of mercury, which endangers development in newborns and fetuses. Recently, National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition, a children’s health group challenged the conventional wisdom, they are advising pregnant women and nursing mothers to eat more fish so as to ensure optimal brain development in their babies.
Fearing mercury contamination, many pregnant women eliminate fish from their diet altogether. Researcher are beginning to show that, that may actually harm newborns. (John McConnico for The New York Times) What’s going on here? Currently, the Food and Drug Administration advises pregnant women to limit their weekly seafood consumption to no more than 12 ounces, or about two servings, per week. In addition they recommend staying away from fish that are meat eating (shark, tuna, etc.) as they tend to have higher levels of mercury.
The newest recommendation comes from the National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition, a nonprofit group that focuses on childhood health issues. That group’s scientific advisers say that pregnant women and nursing mothers should eat at least 12 ounces of fish per week. Although both recommendations limit the amount of fish that pregnant women can safely eat to about two servings a week, fears of mercury contamination in seafood have prompted many pregnant women to eliminate fish entirely.
And here’s the issue that pregnant women face: an increasing number of studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids, found mainly in fish, are essential to brain development in fetuses and newborns. Earlier this year, a report in The Lancet medical journal, concluded that women who had eaten more than 12 ounces of fish per week during pregnancy produced better developed, more intelligent children. “Advice that limits seafood consumption might reduce the intake of nutrients necessary for optimum neurological development,” wrote scientists from the National Institutes of Health and the University of Illinois at Chicago.
“The real problem here are the women who are just eliminating fish from their diet,” said Judy Meehan, executive director of the National Healthy Mothers, Healthy Babies Coalition. “Eating 12 ounces is a very safe, smart move, and nobody is disputing that.’’ While none of the research cited in the coalition’s recommendations has been funded by the fish industry, the coalition is using a grant from the National Fisheries Institute, a seafood industry group, to fund an educational campaign.
For women who want the health benefits but worry about mercury and other toxins, the wisest course is to choose fish with the lowest levels of mercury. A recent report in The Journal of the American Medical Association concluded that the health benefits are likely greatest from such oily fish as salmon, herring and sardines — which are all generally low in mercury anyway. Among the fish to avoid are shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish, all of which may contain high levels of mercury.
Feb 05
A blood test that can determine the gender and genetic abnormalities in a unborn baby as early as five weeks has proven to be successful according to Dutch researchers. The researchers claim that the test has almost 100 per cent accuracy in determining the fetus’s gender.
The blood test uses the mother’s plasma to extract Genetic information about their unborn baby. The test can be used to determine if the unborn baby carries specific genetic abnormalities, such as muscular dystrophy, this test can be conducted shortly after conception.
Currently, testing for genetic abnormalities and gender cannot be carried out until at least 9 weeks and as late as 24 weeks. The current methods of testing are either through a Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) or an Amniocentesis.
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is a medical procedure conducted by an OBGYN that is typically performed between 9 – 13 weeks gestational age, which is often mistakenly referred to Chronic Villus (or Villi) Sampling. CVS is a vaginal procedure that removes a very small portion of the placenta.
Amniocentesis is a medical procedure conducted by an OBGYN that is typically performed between 14 – 24 weeks gestational age. The amniocentesis procedure involves insertion of a needle into the womb and drawing out approximately 10cc’s of amniotic fluid, which surrounds the unborn baby.
Professor Michael Chapman, head of women’s and children’s health at the University of NSW, said that this new testing method was the “holy grail” of research. “Scientists have been chasing this for about 25 years,” he said. “The biggest advantage of this in a wanted pregnancy is there is no risk of miscarriage during testing.”
The research team from the University Medical Center, in The Netherlands, used the test on 200 women. Only in 10 cases could the gender not be determined. The procedure works by taking a sample from the mother’s blood plasma and extracting fetal DNA, which circulates in the mother’s blood. Looking for a specific gene sequence, doctors can then determine if the baby is a boy or a girl and is a carrier of specific disorders. In most cases, the test will be performed on a seven-week-old fetus.
But Australian obstetricians warn the medical breakthrough is unlikely to be used in Australia because it could be used for gender selection and due to “ethical and moral” dilemmas.
The test did not address the fact that fetal DNA that is found in a mother’s blood can be from previous pregnancies even years later. The research have not address how to determine if the DNA is from the current fetus. While their are some DNA testing companies that have offered to use “simple” blood test to determine paternity for several years. These test can often be unreliable. While this new test promise great answer at no risk there are still some very big questions that haven’t been answered.
Jan 15
Ontario judge Fred Graham dismissed a paternity suit against actor Keanu Reeves, stating that any trial would be “a waste of limited judicial resources.”
The suit was brought by Karen Sala who alleged that Reeves was the father of her four adult children. Ms. Sala, who lives in Barrie a town some 100 kilometers north of Toronto, sought $3 million a month in spousal support, retroactive to November 2006. She also wanted $150,000 a month in child support, going back to June 1988 for her kids, now 25, 23, 22 and 21.
Judge Fred Graham told the court that Ms. Sala’s allegations were “so incredible” no reasonable judge would accept them. The lawyer for Mr. Reeve had earlier told court a DNA test showed Reeves was not the father of Ms. Sala’s adult children. Ms. Sala questioned validity of the test, maintaining she had a sexual relationship with Reeves before, during and after her marriage. She also claimed that they had lived together and that Mr. Reeve was present at the birth of some of her children.
Mr. Reeves has vehemently denied ever having met the Ms. Sala.
Court heard yesterday Ms. Sala raised several issues with the DNA results, including the possibility of tampering or that Mr. Reeves used hypnosis to affect the results. Ms. Sala told the judge that, “I do know for a fact he is the biological father,” she added she had proof but could not show it to the court. Ms. Sala said she had known Reeves since she was four or five, as Reeves grew up down the street from her. She didn’t connect him to the actor until much later, because she always knew him by several different names, she said. “I didn’t know he was Keanu Reeves,” Ms. Sala said. “To me he was Marty Spencer.”
Lawyer Lorne Wolfson, representing Mr. Reeves, suggested Ms. Sala’s ex-husband is in fact father of the children, as is stated in their divorce proceedings. Ms. Sala declined to bring a motion to have her ex-husband’s DNA tested, Wolfson said. In her affidavit, Ms. Sala said Reeves uses hypnosis and disguises himself as different people, including her ex-husband, Wolfson said.
Jan 08
Paternity for many is a tough issue, both emotionally and legally. Paternity is assigned to men and boys in a few ways. The first is by marriage. Men are automatically assumed to be the father if they are married to the mother or in many states if they attempted to marry the mother and did not do so in a legal manner. The second is by voluntary acknowledgment. This is a typically a form that is signed in the hospital prior to the release of the mother and child. The third is by court judgment.
Most if not all states have a law that looks something like this:
(1) A man is presumed to be the father of a child if:
(a) He and the mother of the child are married to each other and the child is born during the marriage;
(b) He and the mother of the child were married to each other and the child is born within three hundred days after the marriage is terminated by death, annulment, dissolution of marriage, legal separation, or declaration of invalidity;
(c) Before the birth of the child, he and the mother of the child married each other in apparent compliance with law, even if the attempted marriage is, or could be, declared invalid and the child is born during the invalid marriage or within three hundred days after its termination by death, annulment, dissolution of marriage, legal separation, or declaration of invalidity; or
(d) After the birth of the child, he and the mother of the child have married each other in apparent compliance with law, whether or not the marriage is, or could be declared invalid, and he voluntarily asserted his paternity of the child, and:
(i) The assertion is in a record filed with the state registrar of vital statistics;
(ii) Agreed to be and is named as the child’s father on the child’s birth certificate; or
(iii) Promised in a record to support the child as his own.
(RCW 26.26.116 Presumption of paternity in context of marriage. on leg.wa.gov)
While this law might seem reasonable to many it does not take into account that it is estimated that 40% of wives will have an affair at some point in their marriage (www.caughthercheating.com) What if that child is not the husbands?
The second way is for the father and mother to sign Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity form at the hospital when you have your baby. The hospital staff will give you this form and help you complete it. When you and the child’s father sign the Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity form, the father’s name will be placed on the birth certificate.
If you and the baby’s father are unable to sign the Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity form at the hospital, you may complete it at home. Your signature must be witnessed by someone over 18 years old, and by a person not named on the voluntary acknowledgment.
You don’t have to be the biological father to sign this form there is no proof required you are stating you are the father and will be responsible the moment you sign this from. Most states but not all have laws that allow you to challenge paternity that is assigned based on the Voluntary Acknowledgment of Paternity. They typically have a set time period with in which you can contest your paternity.
The third way is to have paternity assigned to you by a court. This can happen if the alleged father does not responded to a woman’s claim for paternity or if the Judge or Jury feels that it is in the best interest of the child. For example a section of Missouri’s bill requires courts to balance the best interests of the child and the hardships of the man who is contesting paternity regardless of a DNA test proving that he is not the father.
“James McClendon knows he’s not the biological father of his ex-girlfriend’s 16-year-old son. He’s got a DNA test to prove it. But his wages are trimmed each month to pay thousands in child support debt. McClendon, who lives in St. Louis, has been fighting a 10-year legal battle to overturn a paternity ruling that says he’s the child’s father. Between legal bills, supporting his three biological children and several failed jobs, he’s built up $25,000 in child support debt.” (States move to allow DNA paternity challenges, By LEE LOGAN The Associated Press www.kansascity.com)
Stories like this are not all that uncommon unfortunately and have been a leading reason why in over 30 states laws are being or have been enacted to allow men to challenge paternity with a DNA test. A major force lobbying for changes to paternity laws is Carnell Smith, an engineer in Atlanta. Smith successfully lobbied for a Georgia law that allows men to challenge paternity at any time. Smith who calls himself a victim of “paternity fraud,” used this same law to erase his own paternity ruling in 2003. Carnell Smith has formed a national organization lobbing for similar laws in other states.
Dec 21
by Sarah Grainger
GUATEMALA CITY (Reuters) – For three years Olga Lopez desperately searched for her baby daughter who was snatched from her home in Guatemala, until her face appeared in government paperwork for an international adoption.
Science
Lopez, along with two other mothers who also believe their children were stolen and put up for U.S. adoption, pushed Guatemala to ask the U.S. Department of Justice to track down the babies and give them DNA tests so they can be returned.
“I recognized my daughter from her photo in the adoption files but there’s always the possibility that it’s not her. I don’t want to live in doubt. I want a DNA test,” Lopez said.
So far there has been no response from U.S. authorities, Lopez says. U.S. officials would not confirm they had received a formal request from Guatemala.
Guatemala, a small Central American country of 13 million people, used to have the world’s highest per capita adoption rate, with 5,000 children sent abroad each year. Private lawyers charged up to $50,000 to handle an adoption and sometimes forged papers or paid mothers to sell their children.
In December 2007, Guatemalan authorities introduced tough new rules to crack down on baby traffickers. A newly created adoption authority has not allowed a single international adoption since.
Some 3,000 cases that started under the previous adoption system are still in progress, with prosecutors promising to meticulously examine the files for fraud. So far, about half have been completed successfully, and the rest will likely be resolved by the end of January, said a spokesman for the new adoption authority.
But Loyda Rodriguez suspects the new system has cracks. Her 2-year-old daughter, Anyeli, was playing on the porch in the outskirts of Guatemala City when a woman grabbed her and sped off in a waiting taxi. Like other mothers whose babies were taken, she began scouring government adoption records to look for her daughter. She believes the baby was adopted by a couple in Missouri in December 2008.
Guatemala’s Attorney General’s office asked the United States in April of this year to test the three children, all adopted under the old system, after activist Norma Cruz went on a hunger strike to draw attention to the mothers’ plight.
Cruz wants Guatemalan courts to nullify the adoptions.
STOLEN CHILD FOUND
The U.S. Embassy in Guatemala requires couples to have records of two matching DNA tests to issue a visa for an adopted child, but DNA results are sometimes faked by laboratories colluding with child traffickers, said Cruz’s organization of mothers, called the Survivors Foundation.
The new government adoption agency prioritizes local adoptions over international ones. But Guatemala said last month it would start sending babies abroad again on a limited basis, since some children have not found local homes.
Cruz says that problems persist despite the new controls.
“The networks behind illegal adoptions haven’t been disbanded and they’re still operating because they’ve been making exorbitant amounts of money. This is a million dollar business,” said Cruz.
Cruz began her campaign after Ana Escobar found her 8-month-old daughter, who had been kidnapped at gunpoint, in a government office in charge of handling adoptions about to be sent off to the United States.
Escobar recognized her daughter Esther by the crooked little fingers on both her hands and confirmed her identity with a DNA test in 2008 and got her baby back.
Dec 17
Classic autism strikes boys four times more often than girls, with the inclusion of milder variations (Asperger syndrome) boys are ten times more likely than girls to be diagnosed than girls.
UCLA Scientists link genetic variant to autism risk. This discovery may explain the gap in autism cases between boys and girls. Dr. Stanley Nelson, professor of human genetics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and his team narrowed their research on a region of chromosome 17 that previous studies have tied to autism. In that region they discovered a variant of a gene (a gene that is essentially the same as another, but has mutational differences) called CACNA1G. Dr. Stanley Nelson and his team looked at the DNA of 1,046 members of families with at least two sons affected by autism for common gene variants.
According to Dr. Stanley Nelson, “We wanted to identify what was happening in this region of chromosome 17 that boosts autism risk. When the same genetic markers kept cropping up in a single region of the DNA, we knew we had uncovered a big clue.”
The researcher team traced the genetic markers to CACNA1G. CACNA1G helps move calcium between cells. They discovered a common variant that appears in the DNA of nearly 40 percent of the population studied.
“This alternate form of CACNA1G consistently increased the correlation to autism spectrum disorders, suggesting that inheriting the gene may heighten a child’s risk of developing autism,” Nelson said, but he emphasized that it cannot be considered a risk factor on its own. “This variant is a single piece of the puzzle,” he said. “We need a larger sample size to identify all of the genes involved in autism and to solve the whole puzzle of this disease.”
This study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and Cure Autism Now. The DNA samples were provided by the Los Angeles–based Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE).
For more information see:
Dec 15
By Briana Rogers
In order to do a hair test for paternity, you need to have hair that still has the roots and follicles still attached. This means, cutting hair and often even taking strands from a brush will not work, you need to pull the hair from your head and look to make sure the hair follicles and roots come attached to the sample. In most cases of a paternity test, five to ten strands of hair with the root and follicles still attached are required in order to do the DNA testing. Hair test for paternity costs more than most other DNA testing and is not as reliable because it is more difficult to extract enough DNA from the follicles.
Genetic DNA paternity testing allows courts and individuals to confirm paternity of a child. Most tests do hold up in court and do provide for accurate results. In most cases tests using hair samples are not legal tests and do not hold up in court as the DNA testing company can not guarantee from whom the sample came. Most people use a clinical facility which offer legal tests, but some receive a home test kit in the mail and send the sample out for testing which are for peace of mind but are not usable in court.
Why do people need a DNA test for paternity? In some cases, genetic DNA paternity testing is done to determine the parentage of a child. This procedure allows courts, parents and other concerned individuals to know who the parents are, whether it is for the mother or the father. This information allows the custodial parent to receive support of the said child. In most states, if you receive any kind of support from the government, you need to know the paternity of the father.
Why do people need a hair test for paternity? In most cases people are trying to determine paternity without the alleged parent knowing. They want to send in a sample of the alleged parent and are unsure of what will work. TV shows make testing with hair seem simple and do not show any of the down sides of using hair. There are many types of samples that can be used and while hair is the most well know it is not necessarily the best. Some more reliable options are Band Aids, Fingernail or Toenail clippings, Dental Floss or a Toothbrush. While the results will likely not be court admissible, unless collected by a third party investigator, they do offer peace of mind.
Before genetic DNA paternity testing helped to identify a father, men who were said to be a father were just that, determined and appointed the father. Today, a simple paternity test will reveal if the individual is the legal father or not. This procedure has also aided in the overturning of many rulings by the courts when confirming that someone was a father, they have been found not to be the father, which leads to hardship for many. Check your state laws on to see what the statutes of limitations are for changing paternity.
Earlier tests conducted used the blood type of the mother and father to determine if the baby belonged to the father. Due to technological advancements the most common from of paternity testing is DNA testing, which is done by using cheek swabs from all parties concerned. Some people feel this could cause a big problem with child support agencies, as they try to collect from the real father after collecting support from the wrong father for years. In many states there are laws limiting the amount of time allowed to change the paternity of a child for that exact reason.
With the advancement of DNA testing, the entire process has helped in many areas as people use the genetic DNA paternity testing to find lost children and find missing fathers. Technology keeps advancing and so does paternity testing.
In conclusion, a home DNA test is a relatively simple and painless procedure and usually involves taking a swab of the inner cheek of both the suspected father as well as the child and, if possible, it’s mother. When choosing a home DNA test kit you should look for a kit that is AABB accredited and which offer a 99% inclusion and 100% exclusion rate. If you need or want to use the results for any legal purposes you should talk to the company offering the test and make sure the test option you choose is a legal test.
Dec 10
56 Years ago, two Oregon women, Kay Rene (Reed) Qualls and DeeAnn (Angell) Shafer, were born at Heppner’s Pioneer Memorial Hospital. While both girls were being bathed they were accidentally switched and returned to the wrong mothers. The mistake was not discovered until the summer of 2008, when a former neighbor of the Angell family, and a friend of the Reed family, contacted Kay’s older brother, Bobby.
The 86 year old woman told Bobby that she “needed to get something offer her chest”. She claimed Marjorie Angell, DeeAnn’s mom, had insisted she’d come home with the wrong baby – nurses had taken her baby and the Reed baby, both bald and weighing about 6 pounds, and bathed them together, when they returned with the babies, they’d been switched.
Both families compared stories and learned that rumors of the switch had been talked about for years. They decided to preform a sibling-ship test to determine the truth as both sets of parents were deceased. DeeAnn and Kay tested with two of Kay’s purported siblings and discovered that they had, in fact, been switched at birth!
It should comfort some to know that, while mistakes can happen, it is highly unlikely that this type of oversight could be made at a hospital in this day and age, as there are many precautions taken. Furthermore, should a mother have concerns, she is now able to do purchase and perform a maternity DNA test.
For the Full story:
http://eastoregonian.com/main.asp?SectionID=13&SubSectionID=48&ArticleID=92415
Jul 18